The Plot of Hypertexts :: Internet Technology Essays

The Plot of Hypertexts It is quite possible that hypertext is the new literate medium of the future, arguably the present. Unlike its bound counterpart, hypertexts nonlinear. They do not follow a simply straight path from beginning to end, rather the audience is able to choose the information necessary to them and move on. According to Janet H. Murray, author of Hamlet on the Holodeck, â€Å"if we give the interactor complete freedom to improvise, we lose track of the plot,† (Murray, 196). This concept is something completely new to literature, for never before had we have such medium with the reader having most of the control. Hypertexts are defined as, â€Å"a set of documents of any kind, (images, text, charts, tables, video clips, etc.,) connected to one another by links,† (Murray, 55). They have sparked interest in this new relationship between writer and audience. The plot is controlled/achieved by the reader, unlike in linear text where the writer controls the story’s destiny. The Victorian Web is such a hypertext. A project that began in 1987, The Victorian Web can be compared to a journal of interested readers contributing to the idea. It is a project of multiple writers, a feat nonlinear text can achieve with out a problem. With such possibilities, are hypertexts the new ideal medium? Careful critiquing of a hypertext is necessary when beginning to understand the new medium. The Victorian Web has numerous links on the home page alone, each link leading to a different path of interest. From there, the topics provide are broken down into more specific topics, each with a link of their own. Articles are provided for these topics of interest, catering to the need of the present reader at the time. Through my personal exploration of The Victorian Web, I was able to take separate paths on separate topics. The home page of the Victorian Web has 20 links on topics on the era, along with links for the function of the site itself.

Economic Liberalism Essay

Economic liberalism was the prevailing economic philosophy in much of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the U. S. economy developed within its framework. Economic liberalism promoted freedom of action for die indivi ¬dual and the firm through the doctrines of free trade, self-interest, private prop ¬erty and competition. According to this philosophy, individuals were free to seek their own occupa ¬tions, to enter any business, and to act as they saw fit to improve their economic welfare. Economic society was held together by mutual exchanges founded on the division of labor and prompted by self-interest. Self-interest was thus the motivat ¬ing force of the economy. For example, to increase personal economic welfare, an individual might decide to produce goods and sell them for a profit. Bur. in so doing, that individual automatically benefited the community as well—by pur ¬chasing raw materials, providing employment, and supplying goods or services. Workers seeking to increase their wages could do so by increasing productivity. This, too, benefited the employer and the community in general. According to Adam Smith (often called the father of economics), the individual, in seeking personal gain, was led by an invisible hand to promote the welfare of the whole community. Under economic liberalism, individuals were free to engage in the trade, occupation, or business they desired. Workers were free to move from one job to another and to enter into or exit from any industry. Workers were free to work or not to work, and businesses were free to produce or nor to produce. Competition was the regulator of the economy under economic liberalism. Businesses competed with one another for consumer trade by developing new and better products and by selling existing products at lower prices. Free entry into the market ensured ample competition, and prices were determined by the free forces of supply and demand. Equilibrium prices were determined by the actions of individual buyers and sellers, with each buyer and seller acting in his or her own self-interest. Whenever there was excesses on either the supply or the demand side, markets behaved as though there were an invisible hand of competition guiding them back toward equilibrium, where supply equaled demand. This unseen force seemed to select prices that cleared the market by eliminating surpluses and shortages. Equilibrium prices received by sellers and paid by consumers were equal to production costs. Thus, by each individual max ¬imizing his or her own self-interest, everyone benefited. Competitive forces deter ¬mined not only the prices of goods and services but also wage rates. In theory, economic liberalism was a sound philosophy, and the early U. S. economy prospered under it. But it was not without its weaknesses. The most pronounced weaknesses were its dependence on the beneficial effects of self- interest and its undue reliance on competition to regulate the economy and pro ¬mote the general welfare. Unfortunately, self-interest in many cases translated into greed and abuse of economic liberty. At the same time, competition proved to be an inadequate guarantor of the free market.

The Effects Of Photography On The World War II - 996 Words

Photography is meant to capture the moment at hand, a moment in history that cannot be duplicated, and in some aspects, attempt to physically hold a memory. However, not every memory is made for the best. Joe Rosenthal snapped this photo on February 23, 1945 during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II. This picture, taken hurriedly in fear of missing the ‘moment’, depicts six soldiers: five Marines and one United States Navy Corpsman from the United States hoisting the American flag. These soldiers were standing on the corpses of many people that fought and died in the battle. Having been awarded the Pulitzer Prize, it became a symbol of the United States’s power; however, the battle - ironically - was so minuscule in the span of World War II that it is not taught in most history classes. Americans have glorified the picture without acknowledging the deeper meaning of its history. The war resulted in casualties of over a million people, which was the largest amount of deaths recorded in human history. It destroyed numerous countries such as Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States. As depicted in the picture, the war resulted with the United States as superpower and created a sense of balance within the world. World War II was one of the most significant times in history. World War II had lasted six years in consequence of a continuing number of conflicts. The picture shows how America is marking its territory as a sign of dominance over the other countries that were aShow MoreRelatedFashion as fine art, American fashion photographer George Platt Lynes enjoyed a high reputation at1600 Words   |  7 Pagesan unusual gorgeous sheen. Although he also took images of female nude, but the real cause is that people resonate with his make nudes works. Its make nude photography, a form of passion in the male body fully exposed to even let people think male nudes a ncient Greece, with a timeless enduring charm. Until today, his fascination for photography has always been a mystery no one could answer. But just before his death in 1955, he destroyed countless negatives and prints, terrified that his legacy wouldRead MoreThe Farmer Security Administration Office Of War Information1485 Words   |  6 PagesWhen examining American photography you must discuss the Farmer Security Administration-Office of War Information, also referred to as the FSA/OWI. This administration was the single and most significant documentary photography project in the history of United States. Photographs taken by members of the FSA/OWI all display and represent American society in different ways to help give a better understanding of major historic events occurring in the United States at this time. The members of the FSARead MorePhotography Is Not Blowing Bubbles872 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction A. â€Å"Photography, like any other art, is a form of communication. The artist is not blowing bubbles for his own gratification, but is speaking a language, is telling somebody something.† –William Mortensen B. Photography has been around for about 200 years, capturing historical events, documenting people, and conveying messages and emotions. C. I have been photographing for over 3 years, mainly nature and landscapes. Although, my photographs are merely to be aesthetically pleasingRead MoreDO WE NEED WAR PHOTOGRAPHY1800 Words   |  8 Pages1 DO WE NEED WAR PHOTOGRAPHY If we need to understand the concept of war you must realize that death and destruction falls within that notion, but why do we need to produce images of people dying and suffering, do we have the right to photograph this? I believe that we the inhabitants of this world have the right to see images in direct response to the decisions government’s policies, whether or not we can make a difference. We of our generation must take responsibility to record and preserveRead MoreThe Invention And Popularization Of Television Caused The Collapse Of The Studio System843 Words   |  4 Pages Just as Haskell (1987) stated, sixties weren t great for women. Audiences were introduced to an all-male world of buddy films, with the substitution of violence and sexuality for romance (Haskell 1987:323), there really isn t much representation of exciting and interesting female characters. The invention and popularization of television caused the collapse of the studio system, fewer and fewer films were made. Acker (1990) further explained that feminists faced difficulties because of theRead MoreCharlie Chaplin : Film Revolutionary787 Words   |  4 PagesChaplin: Film Revolutionary A revolutionary idea are certain movements that change life as we know it entirely, take for example the revolutionary idea of a film. There would be no film if it were not for it’s forefathers such as photography, pictures drawn on caves, yet still dating back to the time of story telling. None of these outstanding ideas would be able to be born without the humans that set off these chains of events. An important influence in Film is 1920’s celebrity, Charlie ChaplinRead MoreA Quick View at the Twnetieth Century United States up to the Vietnam War1604 Words   |  6 Pagesof print established political awareness for adults, yet captured the attention of youth. Political cartoons impose variations of opinion by showcasing another nation inadequacies in war, subjecting other countries to blame for World War II. In the political cartoons entitled: Daddy, What Did You Do in the Great War, a little blonde girl and her brother seem to be having family time with their father . The cartoon is illustrated to capture a brief pause between the daughter’s question and the father’sRead MoreBlood Agents: What are they?1300 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Agents: What are they? The term blood agents came about because at the time they were first introduced, it was believed that, they had an effect on the actual blood itself. This was due to the bright red color it caused its victims, not for the true effects that these agents have on the oxygen in the blood. Blood agents are chemical agents that lessen the amount of oxygen in the blood stream. They do this in one of two ways: they either prohibit oxygen from entering the blood or obstructRead Morephoto 100 Essay3980 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿Question 1: A pixel is the basic binary digit used by computers.    You Answered: False Correct Answer: False Question 2: The Bauhaus was a pre-World War II advertising agency that notably used Laszlo Moholy-Nagy’s photographs.    You Answered: False Correct Answer: False Question 3: A lower ISO number means the camera is more sensitive to light, whereas a higher number means the camera is less sensitive to light.    You Answered: True Correct Answer: False Question 4: Read More1.Introduction 3D an ever-growing technology that started in the 1800’s, started as photography900 Words   |  4 Pages1.Introduction 3D an ever-growing technology that started in the 1800’s, started as photography and grew into a visual success, this report is going to look into the history of 3D technology and go through the how its was originally created to how its created now, to the formats that is used and what to expected in the future. Going to discuss the different styles and variations of the technology and how it has become a great success, and how there could come an end to the technology as there has

Why Should You Study Physics

For the scientist (or aspiring scientist), the question of why to study science doesnt need to be answered. If youre one of the people who gets science, then no explanation is required. Chances are that you already have at least some of the scientific skills necessary to pursue such a career, and the whole point of study is to gain the skills which you dont yet have. However, for those who are not pursuing a career in the sciences, or in technology, it can frequently feel as if science courses of any stripe are a waste of your time. Courses in the physical sciences, especially, tend to be avoided at all cost, with courses in biology taking their place to fill necessary science requirements. The argument in favor of scientific literacy is amply made in James Trefils 2007 book Why Science?, focusing on arguments from civics, aesthetics, and culture to explain why a very basic understanding of scientific concepts is necessary for the non-scientist. The benefits of a scientific education can be clearly seen in this description of science by famed quantum physicist Richard Feynman: Science is a way to teach how something gets to be known, what is not known, to what extent things are known (for nothing is known absolutely), how to handle doubt and uncertainty, what the rules of evidence are, how to think about things so that judgments can be made, how to distinguish truth from fraud, and from show. The question then becomes (assuming you agree with the merits of the above way of thinking) how this form of scientific thinking can be imparted upon the population. Specifically, Trefil presents a set of grand ideas that could be used to form the basis of this scientific literacy — many of which are firmly rooted concepts of physics. The Case for Physics Trefil refers to the physics first approach presented by 1988 Nobel Laureate Leon Lederman in his Chicago-based educational reforms. Trefils analysis is that this method is especially useful for older (i.e. high school age) students, while he believes the more traditional biology first curriculum is appropriate for younger (elementary middle school) students. In short, this approach emphasizes the idea that physics is the most fundamental of sciences. Chemistry is applied physics, after all, and biology (in its modern form, at least) is basically applied chemistry. You can, of course, extend beyond that into more specific fields: zoology, ecology, and genetics are all further applications of biology, for example. But the point is that all of science can, in principle, be reduced down to fundamental physics concepts such as thermodynamics and nuclear physics. In fact, this is how physics developed historically: basic principles of physics were determined by Galileo while biology still consisted of various theories of spontaneous generation, after all. Therefore, grounding a scientific education in physics makes perfect sense, because it is the foundation of science. From physics, you can expand naturally into the more specialized applications, going from thermodynamics and nuclear physics into chemistry, for example, and from mechanics and material physics principles into engineering. The path cannot be followed smoothly in reverse, going from a knowledge of ecology into a knowledge of biology into a knowledge of chemistry and so on. The smaller the sub-category of knowledge you have, the less it can be generalized. The more general the knowledge, the more it can be applied to specific situations. As such, the fundamental knowledge of physics would be the most useful scientific knowledge, if someone had to pick which areas to study. And all of this makes sense because physics is the study of matter, energy, space and time, without which there would be nothing in existence to react or thrive or live or die. The entire universe is built upon of the principles revealed by a study of physics. Why Scientists Need Non-Science Education While on the subject of well-rounded education, the opposite argument holds just as strongly: someone who is studying science needs to be able to function in society, and this involves understanding the entire culture (not just the technoculture) involved. The beauty of Euclidean geometry is not inherently more beautiful than the words of Shakespeare; its just beautiful in a different way. Scientists (and physicists especially) tend to be fairly well rounded in their interests. The classic example is the violin-playing virtuoso of physics, Albert Einstein. One of the few exceptions is perhaps medical students, who lack diversity more due to time constraints than lack of interest. A firm grasp of science, without any grounding in the rest of the world, provides little understanding of the world, let alone appreciation for it. Political or cultural issues do not take case in some sort of scientific vacuum, where historical cultural issues need not be taken into account. While many scientists feel that they can objectively evaluate the world in a rational, scientific manner, the fact is that important issues in society never involve purely scientific questions. The Manhattan Project, for example, was not purely a scientific enterprise, but also clearly triggered questions that extend far outside of the realm of physics. This content is provided in partnership with National 4-H Council. 4-H science programs provide youth the opportunity to learn about STEM through fun, hands-on activities and projects. Learn more by visiting  their website.

I m Just Not A Math Person - 844 Words

The first idea, â€Å"I’m just not a math person, thinking this make you think you re not capable of doing math. The negative pushes you thinking and your brain creates that idea of you re not a math person. As example share in the article about Terence Tao, who is really good at math, but he s good at because he has â€Å" hard work, preparation, and self-confidence† which everyone born with. It all about teach your self discipline about what your capable of doing. As of that are â€Å"people’s belief that math ability can’t change becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, they form an idea that they cant be good at math. Just because on person is good and other is not that doesn t mean the person who got B on the test isn t a math person, they just think that.The second idea is â€Å" Incremental orientation believe ability (intelligence) to be malleable† meaning you have the effort to increase your intelligence but â€Å"Entity orientation†, which are believe to be nonmalleable who don t have ability to put effort and increase their intelligence. This creates your smart or you re not smart at all, theres no middle. But the student are in charge of their intelligence level, its up to them to change how they think and what things influence their decision of that push of hard work. As if someone can learn how to do math but putting in work they can â€Å"learn to do anything†.As people don t see handwork pays they will if you do math, if you math it will show you, if you work hard enough youShow MoreRelatedAutism s Point Of View On Autism1448 Words   |  6 PagesStupid...Am I? What I’m Capable of vs. What I do Of Pills and Doctors Socially Impaired Relationships With People Becoming Who I am Goals Autism Facts Famous Autistics About Me î ¿ ¾ A Brief Description of Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder. ASD. Autism. When people hear any of these, it’s either â€Å"avoid that person at all costs†, â€Å"be super sympathetic†, â€Å"pretend to be their friend† or â€Å"I have no idea what that is†. My best friend and illustrator of my second book, has no idea what autism is. I tried explainingRead MoreSummary : Cinderella Left Right When The Clock Struck 12 Essay868 Words   |  4 Pagesnormal, and if there was a normal human, I bet even they wouldn t get out of bed right when their clock struck 6:00. Cinderella left right when the clock struck 12:00. How do we get from me to Cinderella? Dearest brother, do me a favor. Be a person who cares for others, and wake me up. Dearest sister, do me a favor. Be a mature woman, and buy an alarm clock. Derious, I m serious. So am I, Mads. Please just wake me up, I plead. Please just buy an alarm clock! You know that wonRead More Gender Equity Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagescomes to Math and Science in the schools? I don’t believe they are. This is why gender equity is a major problem facing our schools today. Many girls are having very negative attitudes towards Math and Science. Through doing research on this topic I found out why. In the article How Research Helps Address Gender Equity, a very shocking and eye opening thing was written. I learned that children as young as kindergarten already have formed set stereotypes about Science and Math. TheRead Morehow stereotype threat may cause poor performance in women Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesgroup applies.† (Steele, 1997, p 614). According to C.M. Steele and Aronson (1995), there are two types of stereotype threat a person can encounter. The first kind of stereotype threat a person can come across is when that person acknowledges that a negative stereotype exists about their social group and their capabilities. The second type of stereotype threat is when a person is more hesitant to participate in certain activities out of a fear of confirming the stereotype of their social group. If encounteredRead MoreThe English Language899 Words   |  4 Pageslooking uneducated without learning it. Tan’s challenges herself by looking past the stereotypes of Asians math and became an English major. I myself have had some difficulty with the english language. In the story Mother Tongue, Tan talks about her mother broken english. Her mother feels nothing is wrong with her speech but Tan thinks differently. â€Å"I was ashamed of her English. I believed that her English reflected the quality if what she had to say.† (Tan 491) It made it hard to try toRead MoreLeft Brain vs Right Brain950 Words   |  4 Pagesleft brain is verbal and analytical. Right brain uses pictures rather than words. An example of the left and right brain being used is listening to someone give directions. A person using the left hemisphere would give directions such as â€Å"From here , go west three blocks and turn north on vine street.†(Rosenzweig,2014) If a person is using the right hemisphere there directions would be more like â€Å"Turn right(pointing right), by the church over there (pointing again), Then you will pass a McDonald andRead MoreAnalysis Of Claude Steele s Influence On Minority Students1587 Words   |  7 Pagesprevious study d one by Stanford University it was found that the African-American students did better on their warm-up when they were in a nonthreating environment(Cho, 2011; Taylor Walton, 2011). Bio One of the most popular social psychologist, Claude M. Steele was born January 1, 1946 in Phoenix, Illinois(Wikipedia, n.d.). As for his academic career Claude attended Hiram College at Ohio State University for his PhD in psychology in 1971(Public Affairs, n.d.). He then taught for the next twenty yearsRead MoreEssay on Should Tablets Replace the Use of Textbooks in Schools?1674 Words   |  7 Pagesreplace the heavy books and make distribution of assignments and handouts more faster. As I read in Weber’s book â€Å"In Cheap We Trust†, in her eighth chapter â€Å"Eco-Cheap† where she discussed about being eco-cheap and about how we tend to spend more than we need, I thought about how schools change their books every 4 years or sometimes every year due to a new edition of the book has been release. As for a college student, I would rather use my laptop or tablet to read the required textbook needed for that classRead MoreWhy The Sky Is Blue Or Why Humans Are The Dominant Species Of Earth?1375 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered why the sky is blue or why humans are the dominant species of Earth? I haven’t either. I have noticed, however, that there is no logical reason for certain things like why humans have opposable thumbs but lions don’t or what is it about a colour that makes it your favourite. There is no reason for certain things to be the way they are, but we accept them to be the only way of life and even fight over it. One completely arbitrary thing that seems to be universal is the ideaRead MoreEssay About The Literacy Autobiography785 Words   |  4 Pages I can hear my heart pumping faster and faster. With every breath, it pumps a little faster. I count each person ahead of me in my roll. Pam will read paragraph one. Carl has paragraph two and Donna will read paragraph four. That means I will read paragraph five. I go over every word making sure I can pronounce each one correctly. I am not aware of what the others have read. My only concern is not to make a mistake. It is my turn. Yes, I made it. Wow, glad that is over! What I have described

TEFL study guide Free Essays

string(44) " to find what exactly they are looking for\." Once you’re facing 20 eager dents who’ve parted with their hard-earned cash hoping that you can change their lives, it’s a little late for regrets. Get some training or do your own research but never walk Into a classroom completely unprepared. A little training is better than none at all. We will write a custom essay sample on TEFL study guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being an unqualified teacher Most language schools belong to professional bodies, which set criteria for teaching staff so that there’s a level of quality control. This means that usually you can’t find paid work in an English-speaking country without a willingness teaching qualification. However, there are exceptions to this If the school runs Its own training aerogramme for would-be teachers. Charitable and state-run organizations with volunteer programmed sometimes welcome people willing to share their knowledge with others and you get some teaching experience in return. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 33 If a school trains staff to use its own teaching methods, you’ve a better chance of finding work with them without a teaching qualification. Big chains like Calla and Burlier employ staff in this way, depending on the location. On the other hand, If you’re traveling to a part of the world where there are few native English speakers In accidence, but the locals have some disposable income, you’re more likely to be viewed as a great catch by schools and individual students looking for a tutor, despite your lack of qualifications and experience. Being a native speaker can be your USPS (unique selling point), but try not to be complacent. Many FEEL teachers have no training whatsoever but still manage to find work and develop their skills while In the Job. If you won’t be relying on an Income from taster course is probably all you need. Various organizations offer weekend and short courses in TOEFL that give you a taste of what is involved in the Job and help you ecocide whether teaching is for you on a long-term basis. In the I-J, for example, Burlier (whom. Burlier. Com) won’t employ a teacher who doesn’t have a degree and teaching certificate. However, if you apply to one of their schools abroad, you may have the chance to prove yourself on their unpaid training course which lasts one to two weeks. Unfortunately, employers don’t view all native speakers as equal. ELK, Australian and other accents from economically strong nations are viewed as high status and are more sought after. Students tend to mimic the pronunciation of their teachers and any have distinct preferences about the accent they want to acquire. Countries that use English as Just one of their national languages often bring influences from the other language (or languages) into the pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary of their particular variety of English. Some students find Asian and African varieties of English, for example, less desirable than those of the single-language nations. Whatever your accent, practice speaking clearly and accurately. When you start approaching schools, project a professional attitude, a sense of humor and an interest in meeting and helping people. Once you find work, you need more than a great accent to get through the lessons. If a choice of work comes your way, teaching conversation lessons is your best bet for easing yourself into TOEFL. Teaching conversation is a little easier because you can concentrate on teaching less technical areas like fluency, vocabulary and pronunciation and avoid tricky grammar questions until you build up your experience. It’s inadvisable to advertise yourself as merely a teacher of conversation lessons though, as this can limit your 34 Part l: Getting Started in TOEFL chances of finding work and you may find yourself feeling pigeonholed even after eve expanded your skills. It pays to brush up on your own grammar anyway and take an interest in how the English language works. Look at Chapter 15 for info on grammar. ) Think about when and why you say the things you do. Getting initiated If you intend to teach for more than a few months, make a reasonable living at TOEFL, and give your students value for money, you really should invest in a TOEFL certificate course of 100 hours or more. Teachers at this level are officially called TOEFL initiated. Most FEEL teachers remain at this leve l as this is what the majority of employers squire from Job applicants. Before enrolling on a certificate course, consider who you want to teach and where. Each country has its own standards and preferences, so failing to meet the criteria for visa applications and the standards set by local employers hampers your chances of finding work. The I-J TOEFL market is a prime example. The two strands of English course providers are the private sector and the public sector: Private sector: The more established private language schools tend to be accredited by the British Council who expect FEEL teachers to be graduates (in any lied) and to hold the CELT (Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults) or qualifications. Other qualifications are technically acceptable but school managers have to Jump through hoops to convince inspectors that their teachers are worthy if they don’t meet the British Council’s standard for FEEL teaching qualifications or if their qualifications are not so well known. As a result they usually avoid hiring anyone who doesn’t fit the profile or may cause them extra work. Public sector: On the other hand, in the public sector, schools and colleges have to meet ever changing government standards. So these days, all new teachers have to take a ‘Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector’ qualification. Unfortunately, one certificate alone won’t easily grant you entry into both sectors. The point being that, if you know where, who and how you want to teach, you can do your research and select the right course. Look at TOEFL Job ads specific to the country you intend to work in and even call or email a few employers to find what exactly they are looking for. You read "TEFL study guide" in category "Papers" If you need a work permit before you can work as a teacher in your chosen destination, check whether you qualify for one. If not, you may have to put in bit Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 35 more planning, otherwise you’ll find yourself dependent on dodgy operators who run courses with poor facilities and ridiculously low pay. Find out too if the schools there have a strong preference for one qualification over another. Becoming a qualified teacher A fully qualified FEEL teacher is someone who has a diploma in TOEFL and has at least two years’ full-time experience in teaching FEEL. The best-known diplomas are the Cambridge DELTA (Diploma in English Language Teaching to Adults) and Trinity Dippiest (Diploma in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages). You may also have a master’s degree in LET or a similar field (such as Applied Linguistics) in addition to teaching experience. These qualifications are for people who want to make progress in their career and apply for managerial positions such as Director of Studies. You need a qualification like this if you’re interested in training roles too. The good news is that all these positions attract higher pay and even if you’re teaching the same courses as your less qualified colleagues, you’re likely to have a better hourly rate than them. Diploma and master’s-level courses are not for the faint hearted. You need to get thorough experience in TOEFL before considering a qualification at this level. Getting on Course After you decide that some form of training is in order, you need to find the right course. Doing a training course abroad may be cheaper than doing one at home. Entering introductory courses Various organizations offer weekend courses of about 20 hours that introduce you to TOEFL. Courses aren’t accredited by any of the best-known bodies, so word of mouth is an important indicator of quality. Even though the certificate may have an accreditation stamp, it may be from an organization most employers haven’t heard of. So it’s worth finding out about the tutors’ qualifications and experience and of what the course consists before parting with your cash. In most cases, courses have a minimum age requirement of 17 or 18. To be honest, you need to have an A-level standard education or similar to get your head around it all, but more importantly, you should have the confidence to manage people, which is something teenagers may struggle with unless they restrict themselves to teaching small children. There’s no upper age limit, but once again, the pace is rather hectic on these courses. Be honest with yourself as you need to be the kind of person who can absorb knowledge quickly and put it into practice to get the most benefit out of these TOEFL weekend programmed. Trainees sometimes underestimate what is required of them and end up a little discouraged. So be warned. Weekend courses are fast and furious! If you’re not a native speaker, you usually need to show that you’ve achieved an advanced level of English by passing an exam such as LILTS (International English Language Testing System) with a minimum band score of 7. However, even if you’re a dative speaker, your grammar should be of a reasonably high standard or else you can find yourself doubting your English and losing the confidence of your students. You should know that your English is correct even if you cannot explain why yet. What you can do with this certificate A certificate from a weekend course tells employers that you’re responsible enough to undergo basic training before applying for a Job. It doesn’t mean that you’re now a qualified FEEL teacher, regardless of what the advertisement says. In fact, after a training weekend, you’re likely to feel a lot more enthusiastic and aware of what the job entails. You won’t feel ready to go anywhere and teach anyone but at least you know a bit more about how to put a lesson together and the kind of the information students need. View the course as a taster and tell employers that you’re keen to develop your skills on the Job. What the course covers A weekend TOEFL course follows similar lines as a full TOEFL certificate because it touches on most of the same course components but in a very brief way. A weekend course should include: Basic grammar: There’s far too much grammar in the English language to teach everything in such a short time, but the course should make you aware of different menses (you may think that there’s a past, present and future tense and that’s it, but believe me, the truth is a little more complicated). You usually touch on the different kinds of words you use in a sentence too – nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 37 Classroom techniques and activities: Very often the tutor treats you as though you’re a foreign student and shows you how to handle warm-up activities and pair or group work in the classroom. Lesson planning: You should learn one of the different formats for planning a Essen so that you know in which order to do things and how to make your lessons fun and effective. An opportunity to practice teaching: You teach a mini lesson or part of a lesson to volunteer students or to your fellow trainees. The maximum class size should be about 20; a tutor can’t effectively teach more than How much it costs A weekend course should be a lot cheaper (about 25 per cent of the cost) of a full certificate in a school, but don’t forget to factor in the cost of accommodation and travel too. In the I-J courses cost approximately IEEE for 20 hours training. I- to- I (www. I-to-I. Mom) has been offering weekend TOEFL courses in the I-J, USA, Ireland, Canada and Australia for several years. Signing up for a certificate course TOEFL certificate courses come in a variety of packages these days. You can do intensive or part-time courses or complete a distance course online or by post. You have to be at least 18 years old to do a TOEFL certificate in most cases, which is practical as you’ll be managing people in your classroom. There’s no upper age limit. Course providers generally prefer to take students with degrees or a good standard of education (good enough to go to university). Don’t despair if you don’t have any aroma qualifications though. It’s worth speaking to the school or college in person. If it’s satisfied that you have a good head on your shoulders and a respectable level of English, it may well accept you. Applicants with teaching experience are also favored. Most schools ask you to take a test to prove how good your English is, so inform the school beforehand if you have a learning difficulty that affects your writing. If you’re a nonnative speaker, schools expect you to have an exam pass at advanced level in English as well. 38 part l: Getting started in TOEFL Intensive TOEFL courses last four or five weeks. Don’t try to keep up your part-time Job or even your favorite TV show because every waking moment is filled with lesson plans and projects. However, this type of course is a great way to Jump in and get started. If that sounds a bit too much for you, plenty of courses are spread over three months or even a year, enabling you to attend sessions in the evenings and at weekends, so you can fit it in around your Job. In any case, you need over 100 hours of tuition, plus feedback and homework time to gain your certificate. With a bachelor or master’s degree in any field and an FEEL teaching certificate you’re eligible to apply for the majority of vacancies. To be honest, many university graduates have no idea what to do in a classroom so some employers bypass your level of education if you’ve managed to prove yourself and passed a certificate course. What the course covers The overall aim of certificate courses is to provide initial training for people who want to teach English to speakers of other languages and to make sure that they meet the criteria for teaching by demonstrating English usage accurately, by giving well balanced lessons and by evaluating their lessons. Objectives for the course usually include familiarizing trainees with all those areas that go into English language teaching – methodology, classroom procedures, techniques and aids, language awareness and testing. You have the opportunity to teach and to find out how to To help trainees learn about the main pronunciation, vocabulary and structural features of current English. To raise awareness of the learning needs of individuals or groups of learners and of the motivation they have in a variety of circumstances and environments. To make sure that trainees can work cooperatively as members of a teaching team or group. / To help trainees develop the ability to create and maintain the learners’ interest and establish rapport. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 39 To make sure that trainees can plan lessons with clear and achievable aims using methods appropriate to the learners’ levels of achievement and age. To give trainees basic classroom management skills and the ability to provide relevant activities. To make sure that trainees are able to use and adapt published teaching material and create their own basic teaching material. To highlight the main advantages and disadvantages of various language teaching approaches. To ensure that trainees can continue their development in TOEFL after completing the course. Before you start, the course provider sends you an FEEL reading list and often asks you to complete a work book that provides an introduction to three important areas of the course. One is the unknown language section, the second is a grammar section and the third section is about how to teach. Some courses include lessons in a foreign language so that you understand how the students in your class feel. Through these lessons you can gain the dual perspective of both a teacher and a student and experience various teaching techniques. You produce a project based on these lessons near the end of the course. Teaching practice is an essential part of the course so expect real live students to volunteer to take part in your lesson. You also have the opportunity to see various other experienced teachers at work and your tutor gives you continual advice, feedback and support. Courses with a learner profile project give you the opportunity to get to know one FEEL student a bit better and analyses their language skills in depth. For the project, you usually conduct an interview with the student and record it. In addition you set them a written task so that you can write about their strengths and weaknesses and discuss ways in which you would help them through FEEL lessons. You may teach one lesson with the student in which you address one of that student’s weak points. A materials project is designed to help you use and adapt basic materials, such as a photograph, in the classroom. You’re asked to show how to use the same set of materials with students of different levels and abilities. At the end of the course there’s often a test on grammar and phonology (pronunciation). 40 Part l: Getting Started in TOEFL Speak to local schools and colleges about their teacher training programmed. CELT and Trinity Creosotes are the most widely accepted certificates for the private sector check whether your university runs TOEFL courses in the summer. The average cost of the CELT and the Trinity Creosotes is II,OHO. You may need to consider accommodation and travel costs too if no course provider exists where you live. Keeping your distance Distance learning courses never share the same high profile as taught courses because they don’t let you experience teaching practice, but they have their own advantages. Many people find it easier to fit the course into their normal lives by studying in this way. You can go at your own pace – and distance courses are a lot cheaper. On the other hand, you may never meet a student until you’re teaching a class yourself and your tutor can only offer feedback on your written work not your actual performance. So distance learning has a few disadvantages too. Many people who already have a suitable teaching qualification, such as a PACE (Postgraduate Certificate in Education), but have no experience in FEEL choose to take a distance course because the certificate itself is not as important for them. The skills to do with presentation, classroom management and lesson planning are transferable, so with this kind of course it’s easier for the teacher to choose which areas to spend more time on. Overseas employers appreciate the fact that you’ve taken the trouble to study and get yourself a certificate, and this tends to carry more weight than the actual certificate itself. This is because the organizations offering distance courses aren’t as well known as CELT or Trinity, which provide taught courses. This area of the market has far less quality control than taught courses. However, the College of Teachers is one body which accredits distance TESTS (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages) courses as does ACTED, which is specifically for distance courses in TESTS. Courses accredited by these bodies offer a reasonable standard of professionalism and someone to talk to if the course or course provider falls seriously below your expectations. Chapter 3: Examining Courses, Qualifications and Jobs 41 Most distance certificate courses run along the same lines as taught courses (see information in the preceding ‘Signing up for a certificate course’). How to cite TEFL study guide, Papers

Managing Global Business Environment-Free Samples For Students

Question: Explain Managing Global Business Environment? Answer: Introducation: In this modern era every business organization wants to expand their business in the global market to promote their brand name in the foreign countries and set an example in the international market (Barkemeyer et al., 2014). There are several reasons for which business organizations want to go global. Organizational management of various business organizations are incorporating new strategies into their organizations to introduce earn success in the international market. They are embracing new techniques which are beneficial for organizational development in the foreign industry and beat their rivals in market competition. In order to achieve desired target and earn reputation in the industry, it has become important for every business organizations to enlarge their business in the global market (Cummings Worley, 2014). Although, carrying out new business venture in the global market in considered as an exciting process, organizations often face various difficulties to operate thei r business in foreign countries. Various organizational management suffers from various challenges while expanding their business in foreign market (De Loecker Goldberg, 2014). The below mentioned article has concentrated on the challenges that has been faced by various companies and its managerial department while expanding business in the foreign countries. It has discussed about possible solutions that can be useful for the organizations to overcome that challenges. The concept of business has been changed in past few decades. The innovation of new technologies and communication process has changed the scenario of business organizations (Farndale et al., 2014). Business organizations are facing tough competition from their rival companies every now and then. In order to survive in the race and win the battle with the rivals, business organizations are incorporating new techniques and strategies into their rule book. Several business organizations have focused on international market. According to many organizational leaders, expansion of business in the global market is good opportunity to lead the industry and make huge profit (Ferraro Brody, 2015). There are several reasons for which a business organization aims at expanding business in the foreign country. Some of them are as follows: Expansion of business in the international market will increase sales. It will introduce the brand name to the foreign customers. Foreign consumers along with national customers will also be able to buy products from their favorite international brand. It will increase the sales margin of the business organization. One of the major reasons for enlarging business in the global market is to increase the profit margin. It will be helpful for the business organizations to earn huge amount of revenue from all over the world. Extending business internationally will improve the quality of the product and service and help the organization to adopt new technologies. Expansion of business in the global market is highly beneficial for the economic infrastructure of any country. The economic growth of the business organization by extending business in the foreign market will influence the financial condition of the country. Extension of business in the global market is beneficial for the business organizations to beat their rival companies. However, the business organizations are often facing various difficulties in carrying out business ventures in the international market. There are various factors that influence the growth of business organizations, such as- environmental, political, legal, economical and social. These factors play a crucial role in development of a business organization. According to many reports, leaders of business organizations experience many adverse forces that preventing them to achieve desired target in the foreign countries (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Some of them are as follows: Communication is considered as the key element of every business organizations. It is highly important for every business organizations to maintain healthy communication with their customers, internal external stake holders, society and people around the business organizations. In order to achieve success in the foreign country the business organizations must maintain strong interaction with the people related with the organization. However, the organizational management often faces difficulties to interact with their foreign stake holders due to language barrier. Lack of knowledge about local languages leads the organizations to face massive problem in the foreign market. It is important for the organizational management to communicate with its local staff members about organizational functions, but due to lack of knowledge about local tongue the communication gap between organizational management and workers increase. Managerial department of the business organizations faces diffic ulties in communicating with their buyers as well which is harmful for organizational development (Gereffi Lee, 2016). Another major problem faced by organizational management is the currency issue. Capital plays a crucial role in business development. It is considered as the key component of every business organization. In order to achieve success in the foreign market organizational management must be financially strong. However, due to lack of knowledge about financial structure about the foreign country the organizational management may face various challenges in the foreign market (Hair, 2015). Incorrect assumption about the financial structure of international market can be a major issue for the business organization that wants to expand business in the foreign industry. It may destroy the whole planning of expansion of business in the global market. Culture is known as another major component for expanding business internationally. In order to identify the requirement of consumers, organizational management must consider the culture of the country. Culture highly influences the preferences and requirements of the consumers. Managerial department of business organizations often faces various challenges due to cultural differences between the native country and foreign country. Many organizational management fail to understand the preference of the consumers which lead them to take wrong decision regarding their organizational strategy. To deal with foreign employees, organizational management must have a clear idea about local culture. It is often evident that while distributing duties among the staff members, manager of one business organization does not address every employee individually. The employees may feel insulted due to such behavior of manager. It may lead the manager and the whole organization to face any unwelcomed o ccurrence, such as- labor strike, knock out, massive failure in the foreign market. Numerous organizational management faces various challenges in the international market due to lack of knowledge about local culture (Hill, Cronk Wickramasekera, 2013). Foreign rules, regulations plays vital role in development of any business organization in the foreign country. Organizational management of many business organizations often faces various obstacles due to norms and regulations and other government practices. Government of every country wants to ensure a healthy and safety environment for local people. In order to maintain healthy society for the local residents, government often acts as villain for the foreign and local business organizations. Many business organizations enter into various legal issues due to tiff with government and breach any rules of government. This may destroy the whole planning of the business organization to expand business in the international market (Luthans Doh, 2014). Environmental issues are also considered as one of the biggest influence that harms the development of many business organizations in international market. Sometimes business organizations fail in the foreign market due to natural forces of the foreign country (Yeung Coe, 2015). There are various examples of business organizations that have faced several challenges in the global market. An exemplary example of such organization is Qantas airline. Qantas is a renowned airline company of Australia. It is known as the worlds third oldest airline company. It has been founded in 1920 and it has started operation since 1921. It possesses various subsidiary airlines like Qantas Link, Jetstar Airways. Headquarter is situated in Sydney, Mascot. Being a renowned airline company in Australia as well as World, Qantas possess a huge work force ("Qantas.com", 2017). The organizational management of Qantas has planned to expand their business in the international market, but it has faced massive failure in the global perspective. While expanding business in the international market, management of Qantas has set a treaty with TWU. The employees of TWU have demanded extra wages and improvement in the organizational environment to start working. However, this proposal has bee n refused by the organizational management of Qantas. It has influenced a dispute between the staff members and the managerial department of Qantas. This is considered one of the major issues that have led Qantas to face major failure in the foreign market. In 2010, Qantas has faced massive crisis due to natural calamity. The natural forces have spoiled the flight routes of Qantas airline. This is highly responsible for the failure of Qantas in foreign industry. The increment in fuel price is also considered as a key reason that has led the Qantas to face challenges in international market. The price of petrol has been increased which has led the organization to face massive financial crisis. Thus, it can be stated that there are various environmental, cultural and financial issues that has influenced the failure of Qantas in global market (Meyer Peng 2016). There are number of ways that can be helpful for the business organizations to resolve the challenges the management faces in the international market. Some of them are as follows: To overcome the language barrier, organizational management must prepare a master plan for marketing. Instead of translation, good marketing can be beneficial for the organization to resolve the language issue with the foreign buyers and other stake holders (Peng, 2016). In order to resolve another major issue of international business operation that is cultural barrier, the organizational management must pay special attention to understand the behavior of the foreign consumers and stakeholders. The managerial department of any business organization must consider the issue while establishing organizational strategy It will be beneficial for the growth of the organization in the global market (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). The business organization must set partnership with the local franchises. It will be highly beneficial for the development of the organization in the international market. Local franchises will act as a mediator between the business organization and the local consumers. They will help the organizational management to understand the requirement of the buyers. These mediators will convey the messages of the companies to their consumers. The business organizations that want to expand their business in the global market and set an example must consider the fact that effective partnership can be helpful to put a strong foot print in the international market, while establishing organizational strategy (Rothaermel, 2015). The organizational managements that want to put a strong foot print in the international market must implement conduct a research works on the foreign market before making business strategy. It will provide a vivid picture of financial structure of foreign market and government rules and regulations for foreign industries. This research is highly required for every business organization to earn desired position in the foreign market. It is important to have a clear idea about the economic and political condition of the country where any company wants to expand their business. This will be helpful to establish effective strategies for organizational management to make huge profit in the foreign market (Ritchie, 2016). As per the previous discussion, it can be concluded that although it has become very important for every business organization to expand their business in the international market, many organizations are experiencing difficulties to set their business in the foreign market. There are several issues that lead the organizations to face challenges in the global market, such as- language barrier, cultural gap, currency issues, rules and regulations, environmental issues. Though there are many companies that have set their business in the international market successfully, there are many examples of such organization that have faced various challenge in international market. One of such business organization is Qantas Airline. This Australian renowned airline company has faced massive crisis in international market due to natural calamity, high fuel price and communication gap between employees and organizational management. Such issues have led the organization to face failure in the glo bal market. Some strategies can be used by organizational managements to overcome the challenges, like- partnership with local franchises, strong marketing plans and conduct research in the foreign market. These strategies can be incorporated by the managerial departments of business organizations that want to extend their business in the global market and earn huge revenue by selling products to the foreign consumers. Reference: Barkemeyer, R., Holt, D., Preuss, L., Tsang, S. (2014). What happened to the developmentin sustainable development? Business guidelines two decades after Brundtland.Sustainable Development,22(1), 15-32. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. De Loecker, J., Goldberg, P. K. (2014). Firm performance in a global market.Annu. Rev. Econ.,6(1), 201-227. Farndale, E., Pai, A., Sparrow, P., Scullion, H. (2014). Balancing individual and organizational goals in global talent management: A mutual-benefits perspective.Journal of World Business,49(2), 204-214. Ferraro, G., Brody, E. K. (2015).Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Gereffi, G., Lee, J. (2016). Economic and social upgrading in global value chains and industrial clusters: Why governance matters.Journal of Business Ethics,133(1), 25-38. Hair, J. F. (2015).Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Hill, C. W., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013).Global business today. McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Luthans, F., Doh, J. P. (2014). Manaejemen Internasional-Budaya, Strategi dan Perilaku edisi 8 buku 1. Meyer, K. E., Peng, M. W. (2016). Theoretical foundations of emerging economy business research.Journal of International Business Studies,47(1), 3-22. Peng, M. W. (2016).Global business. Cengage learning. Qantas.com. (2017). Qantas.com. Ritchie, J. (2016). The Opportunity and Challenge of a Global Market Based Measure for Aviation.CCLR, 91. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited. Yeung, H. W. C., Coe, N. M. (2015). Toward a dynamic theory of global production networks.Economic Geography,91(